Sound Assimilation, Kanji, and the Genitive Case の (no)

Phonetics: soft consonants, assimilation, and the pronunciation of ん

The consonant [m] in the MA row syllables - ま - マ

The consonant [m] in the MA row syllables - MA, MU, ME, MO acoustically matches the English [m].
In the syllable MI, a palatalized [m'] is pronounced.

Palatalized vowels in the YA row syllables - や - ヤ

The palatalized (y-glide) vowels [ya], [yu], [yo] of the YA row have the same articulation as the English [ya], [yu], [yo].

The consonant [r] in the syllables RA, RI, RU, RE, RO - ら - ラ

The consonant [r] differs in pronunciation from the English “r” or a rolled “r”; it resembles something between an English [r], [l], and a flapped [d]. When pronouncing the Japanese [r], the tip of the tongue is tense, in a slightly curled-up position, and makes a single tap on the upper palate from top to bottom (an alveolar tap).

The soft (palatalized) [r'] (in RI) is similar in articulation to the hard [r] sound, but the middle part of the tongue dorsum is raised.

For many Japanese people, the [r] sound sounds somewhat like a [d].

The consonant [w] in the WA syllable - わ - ワ

The consonant [w] is pronounced similarly to the [f] sound in the FU syllable, but with the participation of the vocal cords (it is a bilabial approximant, not rounded like the English “w”).

Syllables with soft consonants (yōon)

Consonant sounds in the Japanese language can be palatalized not only before the vowel i, but also before the y-glide vowels [ya], [yu], [yo], forming the following syllables:

Vowel sounds in syllables with soft consonants can be long:

Doubling of the consonants [m] and [n]

The long sounds [m:] and [n:] are indicated by the character ん, which is placed before a character from the NA or MA row, for example: あんま AMMA, おんな ONNA.

A long [m:] at the beginning of a word is represented by the character う placed before a character from the MA row, for example: うま MMA.

Sound assimilation in Japanese

The change of a sound under the influence of the articulation of adjacent sounds is called assimilation.

In Japanese, there are three types of assimilation:

1. progressive - the influence of the preceding sound on the following one,
2. regressive - the influence of the following sound on the preceding one,
3. mutual.

1. Progressive assimilation is mostly found in compound words (formed by combining word stems) of Japanese origin - wago: the voiceless consonants [t], [k], [f], [h] at the beginning of the second component of a word in a position between vowels change as follows (this is also known as rendaku):

2. Regressive assimilation:

a) voiceless consonants [k], [p], [f], [h], [t], [s] in the position after [tsu] as a result of the reduction of [u] assimilate the sound [ts] as follows:

b) the voiceless consonant [k] in the position after [chi] as a result of the reduction of [i] assimilates the sound [t/ch] as follows:

c) the nasal consonant [n] before the hard and soft consonants [h], [b], [m] turns into [m], namely:

The phenomenon of assimilation is reflected in practical transcriptions, meaning the sound [n] in the corresponding position is rendered as M in Romaji, though it may be written as "n" or "m" depending on the transcription system used.

3. Mutual assimilation:

a) the voiceless consonant [s] after the nasal [n] becomes voiced to [z/dz], that is:

b) the nasal consonant [n] before [h] changes to [m], and [h] becomes voiced to [b], that is:

c) the consonants [f] and [h] following the reduced syllable CHI together turn into PP, that is:

Writing the MA, YA, RA, WA rows and syllables with soft consonants

Writing the MA row

English transcription - MA, MI, MU, ME, MO.
Romaji transcription - ma, mi, mu, me, mо.
Hiragana - ま、み、む、め、も。
Katakana - マ、ミ、ム、メ、モ。

Writing the YA row

English transcription - YA, YU, YO.
Romaji transcription - ya, yu, yo.
Hiragana - や、ゆ、よ。
Katakana - ヤ、ユ、ヨ。

The characters of the YA row are also used in Japanese to write palatalized (soft) syllables, such as MYA, KYU, SHO...

To do this, similar to dakuten (nigori) and handakuten (hannigori), they are written smaller and placed to the right and bottom of the main character (ending in I) that is being palatalized. (Note: dakuten or handakuten are placed at the top right of the character).

For example:

• みゃ - MYA
• きゅ - KYU
• しょ - SHO

Writing the RA row

English transcription - RA, RI, RU, RE, RO.
Romaji transcription - ra, ri, ru, re, ro.
Hiragana - ら、り、る、れ、ろ。
Katakana - ラ、リ、ル、レ、ロ。

Writing the WA row

English transcription - WA, O, N.
Romaji transcription - wa, o (wo), n.
Hiragana - わ、を、ん。
Katakana - ワ、ヲ、ン。

Note the character O - を - ヲ. This is not a duplicate of the hiragana character お or katakana オ you already know.

The characters を / ヲ are used almost exclusively to denote the accusative case object marker (particle).

Differences between the katakana characters N - ン and SO - ソ

Just as people confuse the katakana characters SHI and TSU, they also confuse the writing of the katakana characters N - ン and SO - ソ.

In these characters, only ONE element is written ALMOST exactly the same: this is the small stroke in the upper left corner. Look closely and you will see the differences:

Character N

The drawing of the long stroke begins from the BOTTOM upwards.

Character SO

The drawing of the long stroke begins from the TOP downwards.

Pronunciation of the sound N

The sound N - ん / ン is pronounced differently depending on its position in the word:

1. As a nasal ng (cf. English kiNG, soNG) before k, g or before a pause:

お んがく、ぶんがく、にんげん、かんけい、てんき、げんかん、たんぐつ、ほん、もん、びじん、けいけん。
オ ンガク、ブンガク、ニンゲン、カンケイ、テンキ、ゲンカン、タングツ、ホン、モン、ビジン、ケイケン。

2. as m before m, p, b:

あんまり、せんもん、うんめい、さんぽ、しんぽ、つんぼ、ちんば、しんぱい、えんぴ｜つ、しんぶん、きんべん。
アンマリ、センモン、ウンメイ、サンポ、シンポ、ツンボ、チンバ、シンパイ、エンピ｜ツ、シンブン、キンベン。

3. as n before t, d, r, z, ch, j, n:

かんたん、うんてん、こんど、べんり、けんり、だんち、あんぜん、かんずめ、かんじ、へんじ、おんな、みんな。
カンタン、ウンテン、コンド、ベンリ、ケンリ、ダンチ、アンゼン、カンズメ、カンジ、ヘンジ、オンナ、ミンナ。

4. in all other cases, especially before vowels, it is pronounced similarly to case 1., with the only difference being that the back of the tongue does not close completely with the velum (a nasalized vowel glide):

まんいん、さんいん、こんいん、れんあい、せんえん、ほんや、こんや、えんゆ、せんせい、えんそく。
マンイン、サンイン、コンイン、レンアイ、センエン、ホンヤ、コンヤ、エンユ、センセイ、エンソク。

Writing words with soft (palatalized) consonants

Syllables with soft consonants in writing are denoted by a combination of two characters - a character from the second horizontal row (the "i" column) of the gojūon table き、し、ち etc., and one of the characters や/ヤ、ゆ/ユ、よ/ヨ.

Moreover, the characters - や/ヤ、ゆ/ユ、よ/ヨ are written smaller in size, placed lower in horizontal writing, and to the right in vertical writing, relative to the preceding character, for example:

きゃ - KYA, きゅ - KYU, きょ - KYO, etc.

The length of the vowels yu and yo, forming a syllable independently or in combination with a consonant, is indicated by the character う, for example:

ゆう - YU:, よう - YO:, きゅう - KYU:,

きょう - KYO:, しゅう - SHU:, しょう - SHO:, etc.

There is one exception:

The syllables - や、ゆ、よ can be used after an I-ending syllable independently (full size); in this case, the character from the YA row is written in the same size as the previous syllable and is pronounced separately, for example:

ひやみず - HIYAMIZU.

Romaji transcription of syllables with soft consonants

Exception words when writing double vowels

The doubling of consonants was discussed in the 1st introductory lesson. You already know that the double vowels AA, II, UU, EE are written by adding あ、い、う、え, and a long OO is achieved by adding う to the syllable whose vowel is being lengthened.

However, there is a finite number of words in which the vowel O is doubled using お (this evolved historically).

Here are some of these words - they need to be memorized soon:

Since, in this way, OO and OU are written almost identically in Romaji, there may be grounds for incorrect reading. Doubts, however, are eliminated with the help of context:

Below are a few examples of the most common verbs where う does not lengthen the O and where the combinations are read as - OU:

とう、おもう。ひろう、さそう、あらそう、
やとう、におう、まよう、かよう。

Japanese Kanji: types, readings, and radicals

For more details on characters, see the introductory lesson of the Chinese language: Hieroglyphics. Basic strokes.

The Japanese writing system is mixed, using both kana characters and kanji (Chinese characters).

A Kanji is a written character that denotes a whole word or a meaningful part of a word.

There are several types of kanji.

1. Simple pictograms (Shōkei moji).

These are visual characters that resulted from the transformation of schematically drawn objects, for example:

2. Ideograms (Shiji moji).

These are symbol characters derived from depictions of abstract concepts, for example:

3. Compound ideograms (Kaii moji).

These are ideograms consisting of several simple characters. The combination of the meanings of the constituent parts conveys the meaning of the word denoted by the compound character, for example:

Among complex characters, there are phono-semantic compounds (Keisei moji), a mandatory element of which is an element that indicates the pronunciation of the given character.

This element is called the phonetic of the character.

An example of a phonetic could be 可 KA, by which the characters 可、化、科、何、河、苛、荷、珂 etc. are read.

In the minimum list of 1945 kanji (Jōyō kanji), there are about 130 phonetics.

To correctly read a character, you need to know its “on” and “kun” readings.

Kanji are used to write the unchangeable (stem) part of a word. The changeable parts of a word are appended to the character using phonetic letters (kana) - called okurigana.

There are words that are written with one character, three, or even four characters, but most words are written with two characters.

Words consisting of a single character are usually read with kun'yomi, while words made of two or more characters are read with on'yomi. There are other cases, too; for example, 本 (ほん) book - is the on'yomi reading of the character.

In some words, one character is read using on'yomi, and the other using kun'yomi. For instance, in the words 音読み (おんよみ) and 訓読み (くんよみ), the first characters use the on reading, and the second ones use the kun reading.

In these Japanese language lessons, the on'yomi readings of kanji will be written in katakana, and the kun'yomi readings in hiragana.

Kanji Radicals

A radical (bushu) is a conditionally isolated part of a kanji that is repeated across a series of characters. Radicals were identified to create kanji dictionaries. In such dictionaries, all characters with identical radicals are grouped in one place. Therefore, to find a kanji in a dictionary, you need to identify its radical.

There are a total of 214 traditional radicals, some of which have 2-3 written variants. In the dictionary, radicals are divided into groups based on their stroke count. For example:

Kanji with the 72nd radical - 日 - day, sun; 早 - early; 春 - spring.

Kanji with the 75th radical - 木 - tree; 林 - forest; 東 - east; 森 - grove.

Each radical, in addition to its number, also has a name.

The Japanese, instead of the radical’s number, use its name and an indication of which part of the kanji it occupies (left, right, top, bottom) or which part of the kanji the radical encloses. For example:

Rules for writing strokes in Japanese kanji

Japanese kanji have their own stroke order rules. Some strokes are written first, others last.

1. Vertical and curved strokes are written from top to bottom.
2. Horizontal strokes are written from left to right.
3. Angled strokes (corners) are written in a single continuous motion.
4. Horizontal strokes are written first, followed by vertical ones.
5. The end of a vertical stroke can be without pressure (stop), with decreasing pressure (sweep), or with sharply decreasing pressure creating a hook. In the latter case, a small hook pointing upwards is formed.

The Genitive Case の (no) — noun modifier

The marker of the genitive case is the particle の.

Nominal parts of speech (nouns, numerals, pronouns) in the genitive case act in a sentence as a modifier to another noun, that is:

In Japanese, the modifier precedes the modified word and is attached to it using the genitive case particle の.

The genitive case serves to express the following main meanings:

1. Denoting the possession of an object by a person or thing. For example:

2. The relationship of one person to another person or institution. For example:

4. Indication of location. For example:

5. Belonging to a gender or profession. For example:

6. The relation of a part to a whole. For example:

7. Qualitative characteristics. For example:

If it is clear from the context which person or object is being discussed, the modified word can be omitted, regardless of its function in the sentence. That is, it can be located either in the subject phrase or in the predicate phrase. For example:

Tasks and Exercises

Reading (examples in Romaji)

1. Read the words aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of soft (palatalized) consonants.

KYAKKO:, KYAKU, KYU:KOKU, KYU:KO:, KYO:DAI, KYO:EI, GYAKU, GYAKKO:, GYU:BA, GYU:TO:, SHAJO:, SHU:GYO:, SHOZOKU, SHO:YU, JAKU, JASUI, JU:YO:, JUTSU, JEKYU:, CHAKKO:, CHAKUNI, CHU:NICHI, CHU:NICHI, CHU:O:, CHO:TEI, CHOTTO, NYU:YO:, NYU:SHU:, NYO:BO:, NYOJITSU, HYAKKA, HYAKU, HYU:HYU:, HYU:ZU, HYO:SEKI, HYO:JO:, BYAKUE, BYO:DO:, BYO:KI, PYU:PYU:, PYU:TO, MYAKUHAKU, MYAKUDO:, MYO:JI, MYO:SHU.

2. Write the words from exercise 1 in hiragana and katakana.

3. Practice reading words with soft consonants:

ja, ju, jo; nya, nyu, nyo; hya, hyu, hyo; bya, byu, byo;
pya, pyu, pyo; mya, myu, myo; rya, ryu, ryo; gyoo, shu:;
chu:, cho:; ju:, jo:; nyu:, nyo:; hyu:, hyo:; byu:, byo:;
pyu:, pyo:; myu:, myo:; ryu:, ryo:.
kiSHA, iSHA, kaiSHA, DEnsha, KYOo, KYOnen, shoKUJI, oCHA,
chaIRO, shaSHIN, SEnshu, KYUuri, KYUuba, chuUGOKU, suKIGUSHI.

4. Write in hiragana, and then in katakana:

KAshi, saKU, Asa, tsuKUE, ashiTA, soKO, kiTA, KEsa, DAsu, KAdo, uCHI, oTOKO, KAesu, daKE, iSHI, aSHI, KAsa, toKI, chiCHI, tsuKAU, koTAe, SU, aSOKO, Itsu, sa, iSU.

5. Practice reading words with various types of pitch accent:

a) rising:

MACHIAI, MACHINAMI, MAEMUKI, MAGAO, MAIGETSU, MICHI, MIGAKU, MIMIZU, MINATO, MIYAMA, MIZU, MEIHAKU, MEIMOKU, MEISHI, MEKKYAKU, METSUBO:, MUCHAMUCHA, MUCHU:, MUDA, MUKAE, MUSHI, MUZUKASHII, MOCHI, MOKKO:, MOKUJI, MOTO, MOSHIKOMI, MOKUHYO:, YAGE:, YAKUBUTSU, YAMAGOYA, YANAGI, YAOYA, YASETA, YASHU:, YU:AI, YU:DO:, YUGAMI, YU:GATA, YUKU, YUKISAKI, YU:SEI, YUU, YU:, YOBO:, YO:CHU:, YOHO:, YOSOKU, YO:ZAI;
RAICHAKU, RAIHARU, RAIHIN, RAKKAN, RIKEN, RIKIN, RIKITEN, RUIGO, EIGAI, RENZOKU, RO:DO:, RONJUTSU, RO:NIN, RYAKUDEN, RYU:KO:, RYU:GAKU, RYO:GAWA, WADAI, WARAI, WASHI, WASURERU;

b) falling:

MABUCHI, MADA, NADO, MAE, MAPPA, MASHU, MIKIKI, MIKOSHI, MITSU, MITSUGI, ME, MEGANE, MEI, MEIKA, MESU, MUBI, MUCHI, MUDO:, MUGAKU, MUGI, MOSHA, MOTTOMO, MOYA, YACHU:, YADO, YAGU, YAKUSHA, YASHI, YU:BI, YU:GI, YU:HI, YU:KI, YU:SHA, YU:SHI. YO:GO, YO:GU, YO:I, YO:KI;
RAI, RAIGETSU, RAIKA, RICHI, RIEKI, RIKAI, RUSU, REI, RENGA, YU:CHIN, RONKYO, RYAKKI, RYU:KI, RYO:BUN, RYO:RI, WANI, WAKE, WARE;

c) falling-rising (hill-shaped):

MADOGUCHI, MAHIYAKU, MAKU, MAME, MIBA, MIDASU, MIKINYU:, MITASU, MUTSUBATI, MEDATSU, MEKAKUSHI, MEZAMASHI, MEZASU, MUISHI, MUKEKKA, MUKIME, MUKIBUTSU, MUNE, MOCHIMONO, MODOSU, MONO, YAGAKKO:, YAMAYAMA, YAMI, YATSU, YASUNE, YU:BI, YUDO:FU, YUE, YUGAKU, YUKI, YOAKASHI, YOKAOSHI, YOSOME, YOTSU;
RAKU, RASHII, RASHINGI, RIJIKAI, RIKAGAKU, REKIGAN, ROKU, ROKUBU, RYOGAKUKI, WATA, WARUI, BAKU, WAKI;

MACHIAISHITSU, MACHIGAI, MAEMOTTE, MIJIKAI, MIKATA, MEDAMA, MEISHO, MUDABANASHI, MUGIKOGASHI, MUTSU, MOCHIKATA, YAMAGI, YAMASHII, YASHINAU, YUBISASU, YUDONO, YU:SHO:SHA, YOAKE, YO:DAI, YOKOBUE, YOKUME, YOSOU;
RAISHINSHI, RAKUDAITEN, RIHATSUSHI, RIMMUKAN, RUISURU, REIZO:KO:, REMBO:IN, RO:DO:SHO:, RO:MUSHA, RYAKUNEMPU, RYU:KO:KA, RYO:GIIN, WAKITATSU;

6. Read the words aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of doubled sounds [n] and [m].

TENNEN, TENNO:, ANNAI, AMMIN, BANNO:, FUMMATSU, FUMMAN, GANNEN, HANNO:, HAMMOKU, HONNIN, KANNEN, KEMMU, KINNO:, KINNEN, KUMMO:, MAMMEN, MANNAKA, NIMMAN, NENNEN, OMMEI, ONNA, REMMEI, SAMMAI, SEMMON, SENNYU:, SHIMMON, MMAI, MMARERU, MMA, MME.

7. Write the words from exercise 6 in hiragana and katakana.

Reading (examples in hiragana and katakana)

1. Practice reading the words

A.

せわ、かわ、にわ、わかい、かいわ、わらう、おわり、よわい、 こわい、へいわ、わるい、かわいい、わすれる、わたし。
セワ、カワ、ニワ、ワカイ、カイワ、ワラウ、オワリ、ヨワイ、 コワイ、ヘイワ、ワルイ、カワイイ、ワスレル、ワタシ。

B.

そ ら、てら、むら、さくら、あちら、いくら、きくら、はらい、 からだ、ひらがな、ひだり、おりる、まり、もり、のり、むり、 となり、かえり、とり、つり。
ソ ラ、テラ、ムラ、サクラ、アチラ、イクラ、キライ、ハラウ、 カラダ、ヒラガナ、ヒダリ、オリル、マリ、モリ、ノリ、ムリ、 トナリ、カエリ、トリ、ツリ。

C.

いる、ある、うる、くる、きる、とる、みる、かるい、あける、 こまる、これ、どれ、だれ、かれ、れい、れつ、とれる、いれる、き れい、れき｜し。
イル、アル、ウル、クル、キル、トル、ミル、カルイ、アケル、 コマル、コレ、ドレ、ダレ、カレ、レイ、レツ、トレル、イレル、キ レイ、レキ｜シ。

D.

ふろ、ところ、こころ、ひろい、うしろ、くろい、よろこぶ、 きいろい、いる、いろ、くる、くろ、しる、しろ。
フロ、トコロ、ココロ、ヒロイ、ウシロ、クロイ、ヨロコブ、 キイロイ、イル、イロ、クル、クロ、シル、シロ。

2. Practice reading the words:

Audio:

いま、むすこ、いもうと、ゆうめい、うみ、やおや、みなと、しなもの、よてい、しま、あまい、まずい、ひま、なまえ、せまい、あたま、まち、みみ、いみ、かみ、みち、みせ、みず、みな、てがみ、すむ、のむ、こむ、つつむ、ねむい、さむい、あめ、だめ、めがね、まじめ、つめたい、くも、おもう、おもい、いつも、かいもの、こども、きもの、きもち、まつ、もつ、おや、へや、やま、みや、やむ、やすい、やすむ、はやい、やさしい、すきやき、にぎやか、ふゆ、ゆか、ゆき、ゆび、ゆめ、よい、よう、よむ、よぶ、およぐ。

イマ、ムスコ、イモウト、ユウメイ、ウミ、ヤオヤ、ミナト、シナモノ、ヨテイ、シマ、アマイ、マズイ、ヒマ、ナマエ、セマイ、アタマ、マチ、ミミ、イミ、カミ、ミチ、ミセ、ミズ、ミナ、テガミ、スム、ノム、コム、ツツム、ネムイ、サムイ、アメ、ダメ、メガネ、マジメ、ツメタイ、クモ、オモウ、オモイ、イツモ、カイモノ、コドモ、キモノ、キモチ、マツ、モツ、オヤ、ヘヤ、ヤマ、ミヤ、ヤム、ヤスイ、ヤスム、ハヤイ、ヤサシイ、スキヤキ、ニギヤカ、フユ、ユカ、ユキ、ユビ、ユメ、ヨイ、ヨウ、ヨム、ヨブ、オヨグ。

3. Read aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation and spelling of soft consonants

きゃく、きゅうこう、きょう、とうきょう、きょうと、きょうだい、 いしゃ、かいしゃ、じゃま、きしゃ、じどうしゃ、じょうず、こうじょう、じょうぶ、ふくしゅう、おちゃ、ちゃのま、おもちゃ、こうちゃ、ちゅうがく、ちゅうし、こうちょう、にゅうしゃ、にょうぶう、ひゃく、じゅうどう、ちょうど、ちゅうしゃ、びょうき、みゃく。

キャク、キュウコ、キョウ、トウキョウ、キョウト、キョウダイ、 イシャ、カイシャ、ジャマ、キシャ、ジドウシャ、ジョウズ、コウジョウ、ジョウブ、フクシュ、オチャ、チャノマ、オモチャ、コウチャ、チュウガク、チュウシ、コウチョウ、ニュウシャ、ニョウブウ、ヒャク、ジュウドウ、チョウド、チュウシャ、ビョウキ、ミャク。

4. Read the following words:

Audio:

みなみ、よほう、やど、みかた、まちがい、まく、ようい、めいし、ゆび、めざす、みず、ようぐ、もや、もどす、ゆき、まえ、みのうえ、むだばなし、まがお、ようび、やぐ、もの、もどす、ゆうどう、やくしゃ、もくひょう、ゆうがた、よぼう、まいげつ、みだす、まやく、ようご、めいしょ、むかいあう、よっつ、みょうじ、むっつ、よしゅう、 むずかしい、むし、ようき、むね、まど、やみ、むちゃくちゃ、みじかい、やしなう、やせた、やっつ、やまやま、ゆがむ、もっとも、よぶ、まちあいしつ、めいしょ、もよおし、ゆびさす、むかし、もやす、まさつ、 やかましい、ものごと、よくぼう、きみょう、よしゅう、むしあつい、めいぶつ、みずうみ、よあけ、ようぼう、ゆうじょう、めいはく、よのなか、やくそく、やくめ、まえおき、むだづかい、めいしょう、むいみ、もったいない。

5. Read the words aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of ん depending on its position in the word:

おんない、ざんねん、まんなか、まんねんひつ、みんな、おんな、こんにち、こんなん、ほんにん、ほんね、ほんのう、うんめい、きんむ、じんめい、じんみん、ちんもく、にんむ、にんめい、にばんめ、まんまえ、れんめい、いっしょうけんめい。

6. Read the words, paying attention to sound assimilation:

まどぐち、かざん、こづつみ、はなび、あまぐも、こいびと、ことばづかい、はいざら、いけばな、したぎ、あおじろい、でぐち、わりびき、りょうがえ、あっぱく、じっし、けっかん、はってん、けっこん、げっきゅう、だっしゅつ、ねっしん、けっせき、はっぴょう、あっとう、みっしゅう、てんぼう、すじがき、たっせい、えごころ、ふぼ、がんばる、げっかん、はっき、ひばな、ひっき、ひっし、ほんぶん、ほんのう、ほったん、いっかげつ、いったん、じっこう、じっぷん、じっさい、かっぱつ、いっき、こっせつ、くっせつ、まっき、まんびょう、あんまり、やっきょく、はっけん、はってん、いっぱい、ほんにん、はっきょく、せっけん、なんべい、ほっきょく、こっかい、さっか、せっけん、けんぽう、えんぽう、えんぴつ、かんびょう、なんびょう、なんべい、ほんぶん、うんめい、きんむ、さんみゃく。

7. Read the following words:

らくのう、でんぽう、りゅうがく、れんしゅう、ろんぶん、ろうじん、ろくおん、るす、わけ、わふう、りゆう、りょうて、りょうしょ、りょこう、れんぞく、れんめい、ろうどうしゃ、るいご、ろせん、りゃくだつ、れきし、れんぽう、わびる、わかる、わらい、われ。

Lesson Vocabulary

1. Read, translate, and learn the grammar patterns:

A.

わたしの　ペン。
あのひとの　かばん
えいごの　ほん。
フランスごの　ノート。
あなたの　ともだち。
わたしたちの　せんせい。
えいごの　せんせい。

わたしたちの　えいごの　せんせい。
わたしたちの　グループの　にほんごの　せんせい。
わたしたちの　グループの　ドイツごの　せんせいの　かばん。
わたしたちの　グループの　スペインごの　せんせいの　バッグの　ポケット。

B.

- わたしは　えいごの　せんせい　です。
- あなたは　ロシアごの　せんせい　です。
- かばんは　わたしの　です。ほんも　わたしの　です。ペンは　わたし　の　では　ありません。ノートも　わたしの　では　ありません。 では、ペンも　ノートも　わたしの　では　ありません。

- ペンも　かばんも　あなたの　ともだちの　です。
- おとこのこ　も　おんなのこ　も　せんせいの　こども　です。
- おんなのひと　の　ほんは　ポルトガルご　の　ほん　です。おとこのひと　の　ほんは　ヘブライご　の　です。

- わたしたちの　せんせいは　にほんじん　です。 あなたがたの　は　ロシアじん　ですか。
- かばんは　わたしの　では　ありません。 わたしの　は　ハンドバッグ　です。
- わたしの　は　えいごの　ほん　です。 あなたの　は　にほんごの　ほん　です。

2. Form word combinations from the following words using the pattern “Modifier + Modified noun” and translate:

3. Translate into Japanese:

A.

1. my friends
   
2. your Japanese friends
   
3. my students
   
4. students of my group
   
5. students of my Japanese group
   
6. Chinese-studies students of our institute
   
7. teacher's book
   
8. book in Japanese
   
9. Japanese language teacher's book
   
10. teacher's book in Japanese
    
11. English language book of our Japanese language teacher.
    

B.

1. Our teacher is Japanese.
   
2. Our Japanese language teacher is a woman. And your [teacher] is a man.
   
3. Both the Russian book and the English notebook belong to my friend.
   
4. The bag belongs to the woman. The briefcase belongs to the man.
   

4. Fill in the blanks and translate:

• わたしは　にほんご せんせい　です。
  
• あのかたは　インドネシア アリさん　です。
  
• あのひとは　ちゅうごく チンさん　です。
  
• わたしは　おとこ ひと　では　ありません。
  
• かばんは　わたし です。
  
• バッグは　あなた です。
  
• ペンも　ほんも　わたし では　ありません。
  
• あのひと です。